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思政篇

习近平总书记教育重要论述讲义

Understanding Xi Jinping’s Educational Philosophy

惟改革者进，惟创新者强，惟改革创新者胜。新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，根本动力仍然是全面深化改革。1. 以教育改革激活力、增动力。教育要发展，关键靠改革。改革开放40余年的历史证明，每一次重大改革都给党和国家发展注入新的活力，给事业前进增添强大动力。教育战线以改革点燃时代教育创新发展引擎。教育改革向纵深推进，搭建教育体制的四梁八柱。2. 要解决教育改革发展的重大问题和群众关心的热点问题。人民有所呼，改革有所应。问题是时代的声音。解决重大问题和热点问题，要落实以人民为中心的发展思想。教育改革只有进行时，没有完成时。3. 更加注重教育改革的系统性、整体性、协同性。不谋全局者不足谋一域。深化教育改革创新要加强顶层设计，要符合教育规律和人才成长规律。

Those who reform, progress; those who innovate, prosper; those who do both, prevail. The thrust of comprehensive deepening of reform sets forth the basic policy in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. 1. Invigorating education through reform. Reform holds the key to the next phase of development in education. Each major reform, as seen in the four decades of reform and opening up, has been instilling new vigor and vitality into the Party and the state, and powering up the forward thrust of advancement. Reform at the front lines of education has ignited innovation in education for the new era. Education reform is pushed forward for the establishment of multiple pillars supporting the institution of education. 2. Solving major problems and handling hot issues in education reform. Reform is a response to meet the expectations of the people. Issues and problems represent the call of the times. In addressing major and urgent issues, we must adopt a people-centred approach to development, focusing our efforts on alleviating pain points and cracking hard nuts. Education reform is an ongoing process. 3. Taking a systematic, holistic, and coordinated approach to education reform. He who does not align to the big picture is not able to manage even one sector well. The systematic approach to strengthening top-level design holds the key to extensive education reform and innovation.

习言习语 Quote from Xi Jinping

改革开放铸就的伟大改革开放精神，极大丰富了民族精神内涵，成为当代中国人民最鲜明的精神标识。

—2018年12月18日，习近平总书记在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上的讲话

The great spirit of reform and opening up, which is born out of our four decades of endeavor, has significantly enriched our national character and become the most prominent hallmark of the Chinese people in modern days.

—Speech at the Conference Celebrating the 40^th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up, December 18, 2018

参考文献：

本书编写组，2023，《习近平总书记教育重要论述讲义》，北京：高等教育出版社。

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传统文化篇

治理大国就像烹制小鱼一样。“小鲜”即小鱼。这是老子基于“无为”理念阐发的治理大国的基本原则。烹制小鱼，必须注意调和好各种佐料，精心掌握好火候，使每条小鱼都入味；同时不能多加搅动，多搅则易烂。与此相类，大国幅员辽阔，人口众多，各地域、阶层的差别大，治国者要精心周到，统筹兼顾，使政策措施惠及每一个人；国家大政方针一旦确立，施政者不要过多干预社会生活。

Governing a big country is like cooking small fish. This is a fundamental principle of state governance based on the concept of “non-action” advocated by Laozi. When cooking small fish, one needs to mix various kinds of ingredients, carefully control time of cooking and degree of heating, so that every small fish is equally tasty. One should not stir the fish too much in cooking so that they will not fall apart into small pieces. Similarly, as a big country has a vast territory, a large population, and wide differences among regions and social groups, those who govern the land must be meticulous and thoughtful and take all factors into consideration, so that their policies and measures benefit everyone. Once fundamental policies for governance are adopted, those who govern should not intervene excessively in social activities.

参考文献：

中华思想文化术语编委会，2021，《中华思想文化关键词365》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。

〇 Exercise

Which of the following best captures the essence of the Chinese proverb “治大国若烹小鲜”in terms of leadership and governance?

A) Leadership should be bold and decisive, like cooking a large feast.

B) Governing a country requires a gentle and cautious approach, similar to cooking a delicate dish.

C) It’s easier to govern small countries.

D) The success of a country depends on its size.

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典籍翻译篇

《知北游》中的生态哲学，源于庄子对自然本质的深刻洞察。他以“天地有大美而不言”为起点，揭示万物运行的底层逻辑——生命如同气的聚合消散，四季更替自有规律，草木枯荣皆是自然之道。当东郭子追问“所谓道，恶乎在？”，庄子用“每下愈况”指出生态平等的本质：道不仅存在于高山流水，也藏于蝼蚁杂草，甚至砖瓦尘埃之中。这种将万物视为气之循环的视角，打破了人类凌驾自然的偏见，建立起万物共生的整体观。庄子用“白驹过隙”比喻生命的短暂与变化，以“无无”的哲学打破固有认知，引导人们超越表象，感受自然无声的启示。正如垂钓者专注水面波纹，在静观万物自我演化中，方能领悟人与自然和谐共存的真谛。

The ecological philosophy in Knowledge Rambling in the North stems from Zhuangzi’s profound insight into the essence of nature. Beginning with the axiom that “Heaven and Earth proceed in the most admirable way, but they say nothing about them”, he unveils the underlying logic of all existence: life resembles the gathering and dispersion of breath while the cycle of seasons follows inherent rhythms, and the flourishing and withering of plants embody the natural order. When Dong-guo Zi questioned “Where is what you call the Dao to be found?” Zhuangzi employed the principle of “the truth becomes clearer when examined from lower perspectives” to illuminate ecological equality—Dao exists not only in majestic mountains and flowing rivers but also in ants, weeds, and even dust and tiles. This perspective, which views all things as part of the breath’s eternal cycle, dismantles humanity’s self-imposed superiority over nature and establishes a holistic vision of the symbiosis of all beings. Zhuangzi uses the metaphor of “a white colt’s passing a crevice” to depict life’s fleetingness and impermanence, while his philosophy of “non-existing non-existence” transcends rigid perceptions, guiding people to move beyond superficial appearances and heed nature’s silent teachings. Just as an angler focuses on ripples to grasp the subtleties of water, only by calmly observing the self-evolution of all things can one truly comprehend the harmony between humanity and nature.

引例 Citation:

◢人生天地之间，若白驹之过郤，忽然而已。注然勃然，莫不出焉；油然漻然，莫不入焉。已化而生，又化而死，生物哀之，人类悲之。解其天弢，堕其天袠，纷乎宛乎，魂魄将往，乃身从之，乃大归乎！（《庄子·知北游》）

（人生在天地之间，就像阳光掠过空隙，忽然而已。万物蓬蓬勃勃，没有不生长的，变化衰萎，没有不死去的。已经变化而生，又变化而死，生物为之哀伤，人类感到悲痛。解开自然的束缚，毁坏自然的囊裹，变移转化，精神消散，身体随着消逝，这是返归大本呢！）

Men’s life between heaven and earth is like a white colt’s passing a crevice, and suddenly disappearing. As with a plunge and an effort they all come forth; easily and quietly they all enter again. By a transformation they live, and by another transformation they die. Living things are made sad (by death), and mankind grieve for it; but it is (only) the removal of the bow from its sheath, and the emptying the natural satchel of its contents. There may be some confusion amidst the yielding to the change; but the intellectual and animal souls are taking their leave, and the body will follow them:--- This is the Great Returning home.

(The Writings of Kwang-tsze. Knowledge Rambling in the North)

参考文献：

陈鼓应，2016，《庄子今注今译》（上下册），北京：商务印书馆。

Legge,James, The Writings of Kwang-tsze, London: Oxford University Press Warehouse, 1891

〇 Exercise

请结合引例语料，翻译“白驹过隙”这一成语。